American Airlines and other carriers who placed conditional orders for U.K. manufacturer Vertical Aerospace’s Valo, an eVTOL (electric vertical takeoff and landing) air taxi, will not receive the aircraft until 2029 at the earliest.
Vertical—considered the U.K.’s leading air taxi developer by virtue of being one of the only firms conducting routine flight testing—said Monday in a business update that it “re-baselined” its certification program, through which it seeks concurrent Valo type certification from European and American regulators. The new timeline puts certification in 2029, a one-year slip from the 2028 target the company announced in late 2024.
“This timeline reflects the rigor of certifying an entirely new class of aircraft under an established regulatory certification framework,” the company said in Monday’s update.
Vertical added that it will discuss certification in more detail at July’s Farnborough International Airshow and in an August 13 business update.
Vertical unveiled Valo as its flagship air taxi in December. It plans to establish networks across cities such as New York, Miami, and London, ferrying passengers between airports, city centers, hospitals, and event venues.
The company is certifying Valo to the European Union Aviation Safety Agency’s (EASA) special condition for VTOL (SC-VTOL) standard in the enhanced category, which would permit operations over populated areas. SC-VTOL Enhanced requires manufacturers to meet the same 10-9 standard—denoting one catastrophic failure per billion flight hours—required of commercial airlines.
Michael Cervenka, Vertical’s chief commercial and technology officer, in January told FLYING that the FAA will “literally sign the [type] certificate on the same day.” The agency will hold small eVTOL air taxis to the lower 10-8 standard, so Cervenka said achieving concurrent approval will be like “passporting.”
“That gives us, effectively, a certification moat in Europe, where we’re going to be the only aircraft certified to that highest standard, able to fly over populated areas, all the kind of real high value use cases,” he said.
Vertical had been targeting 2025 certification and entry into service until ’23, when it pushed the timeline back to ’26. U.S. air taxi manufacturers such as Archer Aviation and Joby Aviation have similarly seen their certification targets slip over the years, in part because the FAA modified the pathway for eVTOL models. Some of them no longer offer firm timelines.
Still, a divide is forming between the American and European air taxi manufacturers.
Joby and Beta Technologies are already flying conforming, preproduction prototypes—a phase Vertical does not expect to begin until next year. And while the FAA is overseeing expanded testing of precertification air taxis at airports nationwide, the European regulatory environment has been more stringent, leading some of Vertical’s competitors to go bankrupt.
Illustrating the divide, Beta Technologies has flown electric prototypes across the U.S., Europe, New Zealand, and Japan, while Vertical has been limited to activities at Cotswold Airport (EGBP). The company on Monday said it finally obtained expanded privileges from the U.K. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) that will open up flights away from Cotswold.
When Are the Air Taxis Coming?
U.S. eVTOL manufacturers toward the beginning of the decade communicated that their aircraft would begin flying passengers in 2024, give or take one year. As that timeline approached, they began to face the realities of type certification and operating at losses, prompting them to revise their expectations.
Most recently, Joby gave a target of late 2026 for the launch of commercial air taxi service in Dubai, available on the Uber platform. But that timeline is now in question amid war in the Middle East.
It has been a similar story for Vertical.
The U.K. manufacturer estimated in September that it would require $700 million to complete Valo’s certification. In April, it finalized a financing package worth up to $800 million and achieved Valo’s first piloted transition from hover to forward flight and back again. The company is flight testing two prototypes under a CAA permit to fly authorization.
American manufacturers have more aircraft in the sky, though, in part due to a crash that Vertical suffered during an uncrewed prototype flight in 2023. The incident permanently grounded the prototype, called the VX4. The company returned to flight testing with a second VX4 in 2024 and in June introduced a third and final prototype.
Per Vertical’s Flight Plan 2030 vision plan, released in December 2024, the third VX4 was supposed to debut in ’25. It is intended to be followed by seven conforming, preproduction aircraft that Vertical will use for certification testing with the CAA.
The Flight Plan also targeted the VX4’s first piloted transition in 2025, but that did not happen until April. Vertical CEO Stuart Simpson said during an earnings call in May that the milestone came “slightly late” and “nudges up the risk” for certification in 2028. He reiterated that the target “remains absolutely doable” but earlier in the call said it was “under additional risk.”
In addition to delaying certification to 2029 on Monday, Vertical said it would complete Valo’s critical design review (CDR) by the end of the year, a slip from Simpson’s previous mid-2026 target. CDR would finalize the air taxi’s baseline design and allow Vertical to begin building conforming prototypes for certification testing.
Silver Linings
Despite the delays, Vertical also announced some progress Monday.
Ahead of CDR, it plans to open an assembly facility for early production aircraft in the coming months. By year’s end, it aims to activate a battery production plant. Combined with the CAA’s expanded permit to fly, those moves will position Vertical for expanded testing once the preproduction aircraft are ready.
Vertical also said Monday that propulsion system evaluation for a planned hybrid-electric variant, designed for a range of up to 1,000 miles, is underway on a dedicated test rig. It expects to fly it in the first half of 2027 and announce a long-term turbogenerator supplier this year.
It is possible that the hybrid-electric Valo enters service before the passenger air taxi variant. American manufacturers Archer, Joby, and Beta have similarly developed hybrid-electric variants of their flagship models as they pursue earlier opportunities in cargo and defense. In the near term, Vertical could bid for contracts—such as those the aforementioned companies have secured with U.S. military branches—to ease financial stress as it pushes forward with certification.
Either way, the U.K. air taxi leader will need to get creative to achieve the goals it set in December 2024. Those include 150 customer deliveries and 200 aircraft produced annually by the end of the decade.
